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Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36), human 是一种肠胃激素肽，作为 Y2 受体的激动剂，能够降低食欲。

Peptide YY (PYY) (3-36), human is a gut hormone peptide that acts as a Y2 receptor agonist to reduce appetite.

肽YY（PYY）是回肠和结肠的细胞响应于喂养而释放的短肽，含有36个氨基酸，又被称为多肽酪氨酸酪氨酸或胰肽YY3-36。

有研究表明，PYY（3-36）在食欲控制的调节中起重要作用。它是该肽的主要循环形式，被认为可以减少人类和啮齿类动物的食物摄取，主要是通过与下丘脑弓状核（ARC）中的自主抑制性神经肽Y受体Y2R高亲和力结合发挥调节作用。在治疗肥胖症中，PYY（3-36）是一种很有前景的药物。

PYY通过NPY受体发挥作用，它抑制胃肠蠕动，增加结肠中水和电解质的吸收。PYY也可抑制胰腺分泌。一些研究表明，急性外周给药PYY3-36可抑制啮齿动物和灵长类动物的喂养。在Y2R基因敲除小鼠中，PYY没有引起厌食效果。这些结果表明PYY3-36具有引起厌食或食欲丧失的效果，这是经由Y2R受体介导的。PYY的工作原理是减慢胃排空，因此，它可以增加饭后消化和营养吸收的效率。研究还表明，PYY可能对于除去脑中积累的铝有重要作用。

肽YY（人类，3-36）是一种肽，是肠道激素生长素释放肽的有效激活剂。肽YY（人，3-36）已显示出抑制离子通道和受体结合的活性。它也是G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的配体。它已被用作研究蛋白质相互作用和受体信号传导途径的研究中的抑制剂。

Peptide YY (Human, 3-36) is a peptide that is a potent activator of the gut hormone, ghrelin. Peptide YY (Human, 3-36) has been shown to inhibit the activity of ion channels and receptor binding. It is also a ligand for G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). It has been used as an inhibitor in research for studying protein interactions and receptor signaling pathways.

Y2受体激动剂，从人体胃肠道释放，与热量摄入成比例，可显着降低食欲并减少食物摄入，因此可作为治疗肥胖症的药物。

Y2 receptor agonist, released from the body’s gastrointestinal tract in proportion to caloric intake, that significantly decreases appetite and reduces food intake, and thus may act as a drug for the treatment of obesity.

多肽YY(Peptide YY)的定义

多肽YY（PYY）是胃肠道合成和 分泌的一种重要肠道激素。  

Peptide YY (PYY) is an important gut hormone synthesized and secreted by the gastrointestinal tract.

多肽YY(Peptide YY)的相关肽

PYY是一种直链多肽。PYY与神经肽Y（NPY）和胰多肽（PP）【1】具有结构同源性，共同形成神经肽Y肽家族，也称为胰多肽折叠肽家族。

PYY is a straight chain polypeptide. PYY shares structural homology with neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) 【1】, and together form the Neuropeptide Y Family of Peptides, which is also called the Pancreatic Polypeptide-Fold Family of Peptides.

PP肽家族包括PYY和NPY，它们是根据其化学结构（具有羧基末端酪氨酸酰胺）【2】发现的。PP、PYY和NPY的长度均为36个氨基酸，尽管结构相似；它们存在于胃肠道和神经系统的不同部位，具有不同的生物学作用。PP在肠道和胰腺的内分泌细胞中表达，PYY位于回肠和结肠的肠内分泌细胞以及肠神经系统的神经中，NPY存在于中枢和外周神经系统中。这种广泛的分布表明，这些肽调节许多不同的生理过程。

The PP family of peptides includes PYY and NPY, which were discovered based upon their chemical structure (possessing a carboxyl-terminal tyrosine amide) 【2】. PP, PYY, and NPY are all 36 amino acids in length and despite structural similarities; they are found in different locations throughout the gastrointestinal tract and nervous system and possess different biological actions. PP is expressed in endocrine cells of the gut and pancreas, PYY is located in enteroendocrine cells of the ileum and colon and nerves of the enteric nervous system, and NPY is found in the central and peripheral nervous system. This wide distribution suggests that these peptides regulate many different physiological processes.

多肽YY(Peptide YY)的结构特征

人PYY由36个氨基酸残基的线性链组成，完整的氨基酸序列为：Tyr-Pro-Ile-Lys-Pro-Glu-Ala-Pro-Gly-Glu-Asp-Ala-Ser-Pro-Glu-Glu-Leu-Asn-Arg-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Ser-Leu-Arg-His-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Leu-Val-Thr-Arg-Gln-Arg-Tyr-NH2。猪和人PYY的结构差异在3位（Ala/Ile置换）和18位（Ser/Asn）。发现使用固相合成技术制备的合成人PYY在结构上与天然肽相同【3】。

Human PYY consists of a linear chain of 36 amino acid residues and the complete amino acid sequence is: Tyr-Pro-Ile-Lys-Pro-Glu-Ala-Pro-Gly-Glu-Asp-Ala-Ser-Pro-Glu-Glu-Leu-Asn-Arg-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Ser-Leu-Arg-His-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Leu-Val-Thr-Arg-Gln-Arg-Tyr-NH2. The differences between the structures of porcine and human PYY are at positions 3 (Ala/Ile replacement) and 18 (Ser/Asn). Synthetic human PYY prepared using a solid-phase synthetic technique was found to be structurally identical to the natural peptide【3】.

多肽YY(Peptide YY)的作用方式

PYY与胰高血糖素样肽1共分泌。PYY由肠道L细胞产生，在胃肠道的远端段发现了最高的组织浓度，尽管它存在于整个肠道中。PYY的释放受到管腔内营养物质的刺激，包括葡萄糖、胆汁盐、脂质、短链脂肪酸和氨基酸。胆囊收缩素（CCK）、血管活性肠多肽（VIP）、胃泌素和GLP-1等调节肽调节PYY的释放。近端胃肠道也可能通过迷走神经纤维参与PYY释放的调节。释放后，二肽基肽酶IV（DPP-IV；CD 26）切割N端酪氨酸脯氨酸残基，形成PYY（3-36）。PYY（1-36）占循环PYY的约60%，PYY（3-36）占40%。PYY通过人类Y受体亚型Y1、Y2、Y4和Y5起作用。PYY（1-36）对所有四种受体显示出高亲和力，而PYY（3-36）是一种特异性Y2激动剂。PYY抑制许多胃肠道功能，包括胃酸分泌、胃排空、小肠和结肠氯化物分泌、口腔到盲肠的转运时间、胰腺外分泌和胰腺胰岛素分泌。PYY还可以促进餐后自然排尿，提高收缩压和舒张压【4，5】。

PYY is co-secreted with glucagon-like peptide 1. Produced by the intestinal L-cells, the highest tissue concentrations of PYY are found in distal segments of the gastrointestinal tract, although it is present throughout the gut. PYY release is stimulated by intraluminal nutrients, including glucose, bile salts, lipids, short-chain fatty acids and amino acids. Regulatory peptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin and GLP-1 modulate PYY release. The proximal GI tract may also participate in the regulation of PYY release through vagal fibers. After release, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV; CD 26) cleaves the N-terminal tyrosine-proline residues forming PYY (3-36). PYY (1-36) represents about 60% and PYY (3-36) 40% of circulating PYY. PYY acts through Y-receptor subtypes: Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 in humans. PYY (1-36) shows high affinity to all four receptors while PYY (3-36) is a specific Y2 agonist. PYY inhibits many GI functions, including gastric acid secretion, gastric emptying, small bowel and colonic chloride secretion, mouth to cecum transit time, pancreatic exocrine secretion and pancreatic insulin secretion. PYY also promotes postprandial naturesis and elevates systolic and diastolic blood pressure【4，5】.

多肽YY(Peptide YY)的功能

PYY作为肠上皮生长因子：PYY是一种丰富的远端肠道激素，可能在肠上皮增殖中发挥重要作用。肠上皮细胞表达PYY的特异性受体，PYY在体内和体外诱导肠细胞增殖，Y1受体亚型与促有丝分裂信号通路偶联。除了对肠道粘膜维持的拟议生理作用外，PYY增殖作用可能被假设为促进刺激生长的病理生理后果【6】。

PYY as a growth factor for intestinal epithelium: PYY is an abundant distal gut hormone that may play a significant role in intestinal epithelial proliferation. Gut epithelial cells express specific receptors for PYY, PYY induces proliferation in intestinal cells in vivo and in vitro, and the Y1 receptor subtype couples to mitogenic signaling pathways. In addition to proposed physiologic effects on gut mucosal maintenance, PYY proliferative effects may be hypothesized to contribute to pathophysiologic consequences of stimulated growth【6】.

PYY、食欲和食物摄入：随着食物摄入，PYY被释放到循环中。PYY浓度与膳食能量含量成正比，峰值血浆水平出现在餐后1小时后。PYY3-36是肠粘膜内分泌细胞和循环中PYY的主要形式。PYY3-36的外周给药在啮齿动物和人类中抑制食物摄入数小时。PYY3-36-与Y2受体的结合导致NPY神经元的抑制，并可能对促阿片黑皮质素神经元产生相互刺激。因此，PYY3-36似乎通过对下丘脑回路提供强大的反馈来控制食物摄入。PYY3-36对食物摄入的影响已在生理浓度下得到证实，因此，PYY3-36s可能在日常食物摄入调节中很重要【7】。

PYY, appetite and food intake: Following food intake PYY is released into the circulation. PYY concentrations are proportional to meal energy content and peak plasma levels appear postprandially after 1 hr. PYY3-36 is a major form of PYY in both the gut mucosal endocrine cells and the circulation. Peripheral administration of PYY3-36 inhibits food intake for several hours in both rodents and man. The binding of PYY3-36 to the Y2 receptor leads to an inhibition of the NPY neurones and a possible reciprocal stimulation of the pro-opiomelanocortin neurones. Thus, PYY3-36 appears to control food intake by providing a powerful feedback on the hypothalamic circuits. The effect on food intake has been demonstrated at physiological concentrations and, therefore, PYY3-36 may be important in the everyday regulation of food intake【7】.

PYY对胃酸分泌的中枢和外周调节：餐后从回肠和结肠释放的PYY通过中枢和外周机制显示出对胃酸分泌头相和胃相的强烈抑制作用。为了调节迷走神经对胃功能的调节，循环的PYY通过最后区和孤束核进入大脑，在那里它通过PYY偏好Y1样受体发挥刺激作用，并通过Y2受体发挥抑制作用。在胃黏膜中，PYY与肠嗜铬样细胞中的Y1受体结合，通过百日咳毒素敏感途径抑制胃泌素刺激的组胺释放和钙信号传导【8】。

Central and peripheral regulation of gastric acid secretion by PYY: PYY released postprandially from the ileum and colon displays a potent inhibition of cephalic and gastric phases of gastric acid secretion through both central and peripheral mechanisms. To modulate vagal regulation of gastric functions, circulating PYY enters the brain through the area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract, where it exerts a stimulatory action through PYY-preferring Y1-like receptors, and an inhibitory action through Y2 receptors. In the gastric mucosa, PYY binds to Y1 receptors in the enterochromaffin-like cells to inhibit gastrin-stimulated histamine release and calcium signaling via a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway【8】.

多肽YY(Peptide YY)的相关文献

1. Tatemoto K, Carlquist M, Mutt V (1982). Neuropeptide Y--a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature, 296(5858):659-660.

2.  Tatemoto K (1982). Neuropeptide Y: Complete amino acid sequence of the brain peptide. PNAS., 79(18):5485-5489.

3. Tatemoto K, Nakano I, Makk G, Angwin P, Mann M, Schilling J, Go VL (1988). Isolation and primary structure of human peptide YY. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 157(2):713-717.

4. Ballantyne GH (2006). Peptide YY (1-36) and peptide YY(3-36): Part I. Distribution, release and actions. Obes Surg., 16(5):651-658. 

5. Batterham RL, Bloom SR (2003). The gut hormone peptide YY regulates appetite. Ann N Y Acad Sci., 994:162-168.

6. Mannon PJ (2002). Peptide YY as a growth factor for intestinal epithelium. Peptides, 23(2):383-388.

7. Ie Roux CW, Bloom SR (2005). Peptide YY, appetite and food intake. Proc Nutr Soc., 64(2):213-216.

8. Yang H (2002). Central and peripheral regulation of gastric acid secretion by peptide YY. Peptides, 23(2):349-358.